Magazines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Magazines - Essay Example At the same time, there are books that the article included in its roster of evidences to show why people behave in a routinely phenomenon. One thing that cannot be denied is that the article implicitly denotes that advertising has become a tool to change the attitude of people. However, there is still an inclusion of certain habits that cannot be denied to have been crucial due to its negative effects. One thing to consider is that there is not enough justification present in the article to debunk the main arguments and impositions about certain behavioural occurrences. Relatively, no evidence was presented. However, it cannot be denied that upon reading the article, the author is indeed convincing as habits have diverted to something that has to deal with wellness despite of the negativities present. This can be considered pivotal as marketing and advertising has reluctantly fulfilled its role to change people’s mindset and perceptions about personal hygiene and care. At the same, he has called for a more responsible attitude towards people habits to avoid possible complications that may occur along the process. Hence, the article is commendable. Upon stumbling with the article about a priest who has been allegedly accused to have been molesting children, it has come to my attention that there are certain things that must be delved into further to show the public about the gravity of the act, the circumstances of it and the recourse of action to make the criminal accountable. I find it, personally, to be jam – packed into a very short one without careful deliberation of what the public must really know. This is not just a matter of exposing the wrong act behind it but also making the people know what are intricacies surrounding the case. It is not enough that a due process is happening as mentioned. It is important to make the journalists accountable to the public that it must serve. I have noticed that there are lapses and

Freud vs. Jung Essay Example for Free

Freud vs. Jung Essay Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung: similarities and differences in dream analysis Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung are two renowned psychoanalysts who contributed great work to the interpretation of dreams. Carl Jung began as a student of Sigmund Freud, but upon their first interactions he had doubts about the basis of Freud’s work stemming from a purely sexual nature and leading to his sexual (McGowan, 1994). Jung was greatly influenced by Freud’s dream work involving the resistance of interpretation of dreams, and used this basis of knowledge to help create his own theory regarding dream interpretation. Freud and Jung’s dream interpretations took different approaches as to the underlying cause of dream or the intended purpose of the dream: finality and the collective unconscious versus causality and they also used any acquired information in the interpretation differently. Freud’s dream analysis and interpretation focused gravely on wish-fulfillment and Jung’s interpretation focused on searching for solutions from within the dream. Although their dream interpretations vary, they did share two major similarities in their work: the value and benefits of dream interpretation in therapy and the importance of the patient-therapist relationship. ?Freud placed sexuality at the core of human beings and made use of the human eros to shape the format of conversation where we would reach out beyond and attempt to change even the most fixed structures of our psyche, because even though we have our own ways of changing in response to certain conversations, we tend to view the world in a relatively constant sense. He called this conversation psychoanalytic (Lear, 2005). Freud believed that dreams point beyond their superficial meaning to reveal sources of desire deep within the dreamer. He attempted to formulate a systematic method of uncovering hidden meanings of dreams which not only enables us to understand them but to do something about them (Lear, 2005). In order to completely understand the meaning of a dream it is essential to understand the manifest and latent content of the dream and how that content is related in regards to the dreamer. The manifest content is what the dreamer remembers upon waking up and is the surface meaning of the dream. Freud also regards the manifest content as an answer on internal stimuli. The latent content of the dream is the hidden meaning of the dream (Lear, 2005). Dream-work is the process by which the dream is put together and if the understanding of a dream is going to potentially be therapeutic then it cannot be just a theoretical understanding of how the dream was constructed. It must be a practical understanding of the dream as it extends itself into the waking life (Lear, 2005). Freud also introduced the concept of dream censorship which refers to a process of disguise and distortion of things within the dream that are viewed as painful or otherwise seen unacceptable to the dreamer. Resistance arises due to the dreamer’s censorship which preserves the deformed dreams even once the dreamer wakes up. Resistance also occurs when a dreamer has parts missing or they cannot or will not remember certain parts of their dream. This resistance is a sign that a conflict is present and wants to be expressed. Freud also believed that dreams are a way to obtain wish fulfillment, usually that of suppressed sexual wishes. These wishes are internal stimuli that become a visual hallucinatory fulfillment within the dream. The dream activity is not just an expression of a wish, but it is also gratification (Lear, 2005). Freud used three principles when interpreting dreams. The first principle states that the dream interpretation must take the context of the dreamer’s life into account which includes consideration of the content of the dream, characteristic and circumstances of the dreamer and how the content fits into the overall life of the dreamer (Lear, 2005). The second principle states that the dream interpretation must be holistic which means that analyses of individual parts of the dream must be interpreted as they relate to the dream as a whole. For example, dreaming of something as specific as falling, going bald, etc. will not always mean the same thing because they are not fixed symbols and individual meaning will greatly depend on the dreamer (Lear, 2005). Finally, the third principle states that the ultimate authority of the meaning of a dream is the dreamer. The meaning of the dream should be given by the dreamer and the process of discovering the meaning should only be facilitated so the dreamer is able to determine the meaning of the dream for their self (Lear, 2005). These three principles display the notion that Freud was not only concerned with the interpretation of dreams, but the self-interpretation by the dreamer. The dreamer must say what their dream meant and do so by explaining how the dream fits into their lives as a whole and why it matters (Lear, 2005). Jung called the relationship between the unconscious and conscious the collective unconscious. He believed that the role of the unconscious is to act compensatorily to the conscious contents of the moment. The conscious acts rationally and it’s compensated by an irrational unconscious, but the rational attitude is not natural for the mind. If the mind is forced for too long to act rationally, it eventually gives way and the unconscious contents are able to get back into the conscious. There are two types of contents in the unconscious: personal unconscious contents which include painful thoughts, unpleasant memories and undesirable personality traits of which a person prefers not to remember. Jung viewed these problems of the personal unconscious as a distraction from the true conflict. The second type of unconscious is the collective unconscious which contains all of the legends and myths of human kind as well as the inherited and ominous. Dreams and fantasies are filled with â€Å"primary propensities of forms of thought and feeling and everything about which men are universally agreed or which is universally understood, said, or done (McGowan, 1994). Dreams present messages of symbols and warnings from the collective unconscious attempting to reach consciousness. Jung believed that dreams reflect the dreamer’s life situation until the dreamer decides to become concerned with it. According to Jung, the initial dream which occurs the night before therapy is thought to have significance because the act of attending therapy can produce a strong impulse for the appearance of the dreamer’s conflict and can even provide solutions for the conflict, possible obstacles, and even a final result. He placed special importance on the repetition of certain dreams, especially those in which the dreamer deals with the same conflict but from different perspectives. The sequence of events in the dream is also important in understanding the meaning of the dream. Jung developed a theory on the structure of dreams and most importantly is the end of the dream because the dreamer is unable to consciously influence the outcome or change the end of the dream and thus reflect real situations. Jung believed in two kinds of dreams which were classified based on the information presented initially by the dreamer: favorable which offered the best solutions to solving conflicts and unfavorable which were viewed as a warning sign (McGowan, 1994). Both Freud and Jung believed that there was value in discussing and determining the role of dreams in therapy. Jung believed that dreams illustrated a specific problem of the dreamer and also solutions to resolve the problem. They both agreed that dreams are a way of expressing a conflict for the dreamer. Freud believed that the manifest content of the dream was a way to answer the desire of the internal stimulus and Jung believed that dreams warn dreamers about internal processes that may be neglected during conscious thought. The analyst’s purpose is to help the dreamer find the internal conflict that led to the manifestation of the dream, as well as to help the dreamer aware of the conflict and recognize any significance to their life. Freud and Jung agreed that there is significance in the patient-therapist relationship and therefore the impact on the interpretation of dreams. They agreed that in order for a dream interpretation to take place the dreamer but provide their full cooperation, actively participate, and hold nothing back (Lear, 2005). Although Jung was a student of Freud, he influenced Freud’s dream analysis based on his associations experiment. Jung proved that a dreamer’s associations which are any ideas that the dreamer thinks of when describing certain parts of the dream are essential to understanding the underlying content of the dream. In order to correctly interpret a dream Jung believed the analyst must know the dreamer’s current situation in life and Freud believed it was necessary to evaluate the dreamer’s psychological background. Although, they may have used different words to describe essentially the same thing, they agreed that once the analyst has determined a potential meaning for the dream they must also determine its relativity and connectedness to the dreamer’s life. Ultimately, Freud and Jung believed that there was significance to the interpretation of dreams in therapy due to the belief that dreams are a representation of conflicts and also the importance of evaluating a dreamer’s associations to determine the underlying meaning of the dream (Lear, 2005). While Freud and Jung had similarities in their dream analysis, they too had many differences. Freud’s interpretation of dreams focused on what the underlying cause of the dream was and that dreams are a representative way of acting on internal stimuli which represented unsatisfied wishes (Lear, 2005). Jung was not concerned with the causality of dreams but the purpose of dreams and their intended effects on the dreamer. He interpreted dreams based on his belief in the second type of unconscious content: the collective unconscious which stated that all dreams essentially have fundamental meanings or certain characteristics for common reactions to situations. For example, someone who lost someone close to them who displays their grief openly has a fundamental meaning that causes others to express pity for them. Jung also believed that dreams presented a parallel to the conscious in that it is nearly impossible to think of anything else when dealing with a conflict and searching for a solution and that dreams allow this process to continue automatically (McGowan, 1994). Another major difference between Freud and Jung was how they used information gathered during the interpretation of dreams. Freud viewed dreams in the sense that they represented a conflict, or suppressed unsatisfied wish that needed to be answered whereas Jung’s focus was on searching for solutions to conflicts that were already expressed within the dream. Despite their differences in theory and interpretation of certain aspects of dreams, both Freud and Jung were able to make great strides in their works with dream analysts and leave behind invaluable information for other psychoanalysts to grow and develop from. Their continual placement of high importance on the patient-therapist relationship and the value of dreams in therapy have continued to be of importance to those who have studied their methods. Their differences in approach to determining the cause and or purpose of the dream and the acquisition of information interpretation layed the foundation for other psychoanalysts to explore, expand, and dispute their theories, thus furthering the APA’s body of knowledge regarding dream analyst. References Lear, J. (2005). Freud. (pp. 18-19, 90-115). New York City, NY: Routledge Publishers. McGowan, D. (1994). What is wrong with Jung. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books.

Correlation Between Family and Domestic Violence

Correlation Between Family and Domestic Violence Assessment Task 1 The following essay is a discussion of the correlation between family and domestic violence and impacts this has on mental health. Authoritative journal articles which form the basis of evidence-based practice will be used to discuss the impact of domestic violence on mental health taking into consideration bio psychosocial factors influencing domestic violence and mental health for adults and children. This essay will discuss nurses role that identified holistic and consumer-oriented recovery approach by using effective therapeutic communication and it will be also focusing on nursing professional boundaries that recognize a range of nursing assessment and legal responsibility. Domestic violence is one of the main factors of mental health issues that affect the psychosocial well- being of thousands of families a year (Healey, 2014). Domestic violence is defined as occurring when an abused person within an intimate relationship is intimidated, threatened or controlled by the abusing partner (O’Brian et al, 2013). Domestic violence includes emotional, psychological, physical, sexual and economic abuse (Healey, 2014). Amnesty International Australia (2013) identified that in the majority of cases, women and children are the victims of domestic violence. Children experience trauma witnessing violence in the family, which can have a prolonged psychological effect (Amnesty International Australia, 2013) for example, children living where they witness that their father abusing the mother on daily basis, can result in an aggressive mentality towards women. O’ Brian et al., (2013) stated that domestic violence can also occur between female on male, and between same-sex couples. There are many types of family structure including single parent families, same sex parents’ families, nuclear families and blended families. For the purpose of this essay, the main focus will be on the correlation between on the family members and domestic violence and the impact this has the mental health of the mother, father, and child. According to O’Brian et al., (2013) men are more likely to be the act of continuous, physical and sexual abuse whereas women are more likely to exhibit emotional abuse. In terms of the impact of domestic violence on mental health, there is a consensus among the literature which indicates similar feelings and experiences of men and women which include fear and loss of feelings of safety, feelings of guilt and shame, anxiety, unresolved anger, loneliness and isolation and depression. Although, the physical and psychological issue is common in domestic violence, psychological abuse has long-term adverse effec t on victim’s well-being (Ramsay et al., 2012). In domestic violence studies, physically and sexually assaulted women have a high rate of depression which leads to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Lacey et al., 2013). Most of the studies mainly focus on female victim; the main reason behind violence against men goes unreported due to fear of humiliation from the society and lack of available support group for men (Dirjber, Reijnders, Ceelen, 2013). Studies found that men are experiencing less physical assault; however, mostly they face emotional, psychological and verbal abuse (Day et al., 2009). Although, men and women experiencing domestic violence differently; the long-term impact are same which associate with different mental disorder such as dysthymia, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar affective disorder, depression, schizophrenia and non-affective psychosis (Trevillion et al., 2012). Growing up in the violent environment, children will hav e less attachment with their parents and antisocial behavior later on their life (Herrenkohl et al., 2011; Bailey Eisikovits, 2014). Lanius, Vermetten and Pain (2010) stated that physical abuse is one of the major factors of childhood trauma which lead to risk for psychiatric morbidity. The conflict between partners, not only affected their relationship it also impacts on mental status of their children. Health professional spend more time to assess their patient, which allowed them to identify patients problems and determined to choose the best action for the recovery. Wright, Sparks and O’Hair (2013) have identified that the verity of assessment is the main tool to connect and communicate with the patient to detect key problems. Hungerford et al., (2015) have stated that the assessment determines what patient experiencing and how these experience affecting them. It can be only possible when health professional build therapeutic communication with the patient. A bio psychosocial approach brings together all the aspects to avoid conflicts which consider biological, psychological and social dimensions (Hungerford et al., 2015; Melchert, 2010). According to Sadigh (2013) a bio psychosocial assessment useful to get past and current information, and look for patients’ future condition. Therefore, this identifies patients past and present issues and encourage them to discuss about what changes that they would like to make to recover from those issues. Person-centred care is an approach which involves patient and their families’ decisions to assure most appropriate need (Clissett at al., 2013; Hungerford et al., 2015). When health professional taking person-centred care approaches, they have to consider patients own decision about how they wish to receive. It is also important that health professional should not prejudge to the mental health patient and build trusting relationship by applying therapeutic communication (Hungerford et al., 2015). Nursing consideration is all about gathering more information from the client, by using various types of assessment and communication techniques. It is also important for the nurse to aware patients’ age, gender, religion, employment status and relationship with their family or partners. Townsend (2015) described that a therapeutic interpersonal relationship is the nursing process, where psychiatric nurse focuses to get more information from the patient in various mental health setting. A therapeutic interpersonal relationship classified in four phases: the interaction phase, the orientation phase, the working phase and the termination phase. In preinteraction phase nurse prepare for first meeting with the client, during orientation phase nurse create environment to establish trust with the client, working phase nurse maintain trust promoting clients’ insight and perception, and termination phase evaluate client condition for the further assessment. According to Townsend (2015) while implementing therapeutic interpersonal relationship, nurse must be aware of the boundaries in nurse and client relationship; which includes: materials, social, personal and professional boundaries that allow nurses to recognise acceptable limit. For example, touching clients provide them comfort and encouragement as nature of nursing care; however, nurse must considerate professional bounda ries and apply appropriate non-verbal communication. Nurse must maintain the professional relationship towards client instead of personal relationship; i.e. romantic, sexual, or other similar personal relationship is not appropriate between nurse and client. Every individual patient have their own triggers, the nurse must understand and implement accordingly. Although, mental health assessment considers all aspect of the patient, each time it should occur when health professional interaction with the patient (Hungerford et al., 2015). Mental state examination (MSE), clinical risk assessment, and suicidal assessment are the most common assessment mental health (Hungerford et al 2015). Mental state examination is the fundamental factor of patients’ assessment, clinical risk assessment identifies potential risk and minimized the level of risk (Szmukler and Rose, 2013) and suicidal assessment include variety of interventions to assure patients safety and encourage better health. Every state has their own mental health assessment and framework, whereas New South Wales implemented the Mental Health Outcomes and Assessment Tools (MH-OAT) to measure the effectiveness of the health care provided (NSW Health, 2013). MH-OAT includes MSE, substance use, physical examination, family history and development history (Hungerford et al 2015). MH-OAT helps health professionals to work effectively and efficiently by ensuring NSW meet National Standard of Mental Health Care and which provide standard clinical document that include triage, assessment, care plan, review and discharge (NSW Government Health, 2014). According to the Australian Collage of Mental Health Nurses (2013) standard practice provide practical benchmark which minimise level of performance for register nurses in mental health setting; this includes 9 standard practices which are: acknowledging cultural diversity, establishing collaborative partnership, developing therapeutic communication, values other s takeholders contribution, reduce stigma, demonstrate evidence-based practice, practice common law and specialist qualifications. It is very important that nurses must familiar with the legal and ethical context of mental health care. In Australia, each state has its own mental health legislation which known as ‘Mental Health Act (MHA)’; MHA protect as individual and community by emphasising on providing right treatment in least restrictive environment (Hungerford et al 2015). In conclusion, this essay successfully correlated between family and domestic violence which lead to various mental health problems by giving perfect example of affected family. It discussed major mental health priorities and strategies such as effective therapeutic communications, therapeutic interrelationship, person-centre approach and bio psychosocial approach which reduce conflict and minimize potential risk for themselves and patients. It also explained the importance of the nursing assessments and legislations for the nurses. References Amnesty International Australia. (2013, July 19). Mythbusting violence against women. Retrieved from www.amnesty.org.au. Bailey, B., Eisikovits, Z. (2014). Violently reactive women and their relationship with their abusive mother. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, doi: 10.1177/0886260514549463, 1-24. Clissett, P., Porock, D., Harwood, R. H., Gladman, J. R. (2013). The challenges of achieving person-centred care in acute hospitals: A qualitative study of people with dementia and their families. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(11), 1495-1503. Day, A., OLeary, P., Chung, D., Justo, D. (2009). Domestic Violence Working with Men: research, practice experiences and integrated responses. Leichardt, NSW, Australia: The Federation Press. Dirjber, B. C., Reijnders, U. J. L., Ceelen, M. (2013). Male victim of domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 28(2), 173-178. Healey, J. (2014). Domestic and family violence. Balmain, NSW: The Spinney Press. Herrenkohl, T. I., Moylan, C. A., Tajima, E. A., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., Russo, M. J. (2011). Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Child Abuse and Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence, Parent-Child Attachments, and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence. Journal of interpersonal violence, 26(1), 111-136. Hungerford, C., Hodgson, D., Clancy, R., Monisse-Redman, M., Bostwick, R., Jones, T. (2015). Mental Health Care: An Introduction for Health Professionals in Australia (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780730317487/epubcfi/6/62. Lacey, K. K., McPherson, M. D., Samuel, P. S., Sears, K. P., Head, D. (2013). The Impact of Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence on the Mental and Physical Health of Women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(2), 359-385. Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Pain, C. (2010). The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease: The Hidden Epidemic. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Melchert, T. P. (2010). The growing need for a unified biopsychosocial approach in mental health care. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5(1), 356-361. NSW Government Health. (2014, August 28). MH-OAT for Mental Health Professionals. Retrieved from http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/mhdao/DM/Pages/professionals.aspx NSW Health. (2013, October 30). MH-OAT for Mental Health Professionals. Retrieved from http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/mhdao/mhprof_mhoat.asp O Brian, K.L., Cohen, L., Pooley, J. A., Taylor, M. F. (2013). Lifting the Domestic Violence Cloak of Silence: Resilient Australian Women’s Reflected Memories of their Childhood Experiences of Witnessing Domestic Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 28(1), 95-108. Ramsay, J., Rutterford, C., Gregory, A., Dunne, D., Eldridge, S., Sharp, D., Feder, G. (2012, Sep). Domestic violence:knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practice of selected UK primary healthcare clinicians. British Journal ofGeneralPractice, 1(1), 647-655. Sadigh, M. R. (2013). Development of the biopsychosocial model of medicine. Virtual Mentor, 15(4), 362-365. Szmukler, G., Rose, N. (2013). Risk assessment in mental health care: Values and costs. Behavioral Sciences the Law, 31(1), 125-140. The Australian Collage of Mental Health Nurses. (2013). Standards of Practice in Mental Health Nursing. Retrieved from http://www.acmhn.org/publications/standards-of-practice Townsend, M. (2015). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based Practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. Trevillion, K., Oram, S., Feder, G., Howard, L. M. (2012). Experiences of Domestic Violence and Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 7(12), e51740. Wright, K., Sparks, L., OHair, D. (2013). Health Communication in the 21st Century (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

The Extensive Use of Symbolism in Emily Dickinsons Poem #315 :: Emily Dickinson Poem 315 Essays

The Extensive Use of Symbolism in Emily Dickinson's Poem #315 As I had no prior experience with Emily Dickinson's work, I was unsure of what to expect from this assignment. I read the poem about fifteen or twenty times before I was even able to ask myself legitimate questions about Dickinson's thoughts as she composed this work over two hundred years ago. I couldn't even look to the title for guidance..."ugh, this is going to be tough" ran through my head over and over. I began by researching #315 on the Internet and in our library. I found more opinions than I could possibly wade through in one summer semester and resigned myself to limiting my research to the basics and forming my own opinions. I have learned in literature classes since past-many, many years ago I might add-that understanding symbolisms that exist in poetry is the key to understanding the poem itself. Emily Dickinson's #315 is absolutely FULL of symbolism, so much so that I had to break it down--almost word-by-word-- to begin to understand what Dickinson is trying to tell her readers. The first question that I had-and probably the one of most significance-- was "who is "HE"???" Dickinson begins with "He fumbles at your soul..."-- I couldn't even understand who "HE" was. After researching this, I realized that I was not alone and that various readers of #315 have debated my question over decades. Robert Weisbuch in Emily Dickinson's Poetry (1972) explained that he felt that the primary figure (He) is intentionally ambiguous because "his" identity doesn't really matter. Weisbuch further postulated that Dickinson wants the reader "not to understand the cause, but to focus on experiencing the terrible moment" (pp. 98). Mr. Weisbuch seems to feel that "He" is many things (e.g. pianist, smithy, Thor and wind) and yet "his" definition is of little importance. I was somewhat relieved when I read Weisbuch's theory on "He" because each time I read "He fumbles..." I come to believe that "He" is a different entity. I first felt that Dickinson was referring to a prominent male figure in her life-maybe her father or her lover-but during subsequent readings my thoughts turned to less obvious possibilities such as God or non-human objects such as a storm. Even after a week's worth of research, I still am not certain that I fully understand which direction she is hoping to lead her reader.

Synthesis of Certain Derivatives of Schiffbases

Microbiological Studies A definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis can only be made my culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms from a specimen taken from the patient (Most often sputum, but may also include pus, cerebero spinal fluid (CSF)), biopsied tissue, etc. Sputum smears and cultures should be done for acid-fast bacilli. The preferred method for the identification is fluorescence microscopy which is more sensitive than conventional Ziehl- Neelson staining denoted by Steingart et al. , 2006 6. If sputum is not produced, specimens can be obtained by gastric washings, an laryngeal swab, bronchoscopy with broncho alveolar lavage or fine needle aspiration of a collection. A comparative study found that inducing three sputum samples is more sensitive than three gastric washings. Many types of culture media are available. Traditionally Lowenstein –Jensen (LJ), Kirchner or Middle Brook media (7H9, 7H10, 7H11 and 7H12) are used for cultivating of Mycobacterial species. A culture of the acid-fast bacilli distinguishes the various forms of Mycobacteria. New automated systems that are faster include BACTEC 460 TB, BACTEC 9000 and the Mycobacterial growth Indicator tube (MGIT). The microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay (MODS) culture may be faster and more accurate method. Drugs Used In Tuberculosis in the current scenario Active tuberculosis will kill about two of every three people affected if left untreated. Treated tuberculosis if taken up early has a mortality rate of less than 5%. The standard short course treatment for tuberculosis comprises of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol for two months, then Isoniazid and Rifampicin alone for a further four months. For latent tuberculosis, the standard treatment is six to nine months of Isoniazid alone. Drug regimens are abbreviated in a standardized manner. a). Streptomycin is STM or S b) Isoniazid is INH or H c) Rifampicin is RMP or R d) Ethambutol is EMB or E e) Pyrazinamide is PZA or Z. a)According to WHO norms, there are six classes of second line drugs that are used for the treatment of tuberculosis. A drug may be classified as second line instead of first line for one of two possible reasons; it may be less effective than the first line drugs or it may produce toxic side –effects. They are classified based on their chemical nucleus: Aminoglycosides – Amikacin and Kanamycin b)Polypeptides – Capreomycin c)Fluoroquinolones – Ciprofloxacin d)Thioamides – Ethionamide, Prothionamide and Cycloserine. e)Para-amino Salicylic acid. Tuberculosis has been treated by combination therapy over fifty years. Single drug treatment is ineffective and regimens that use only single drugs result in the rapid development of resistance and thus treatment results in failure. The rationale for using multiple drugs to treat tuberculosis is based on simple probability. The frequency of spontaneous mutations that confer resistance to an individual drug is well known: 1 in 10 7 for Ethambutol (EMB); 1 in 108 for streptomycin (STM) and Isoniazid (INH); 1 in 10 10 for Rifampicin (RMP). A patient with extensive pulmonary tuberculosis has approximately 10 12 bacteria in his body and therefore will probably be harbouring approximately 10 5 Ethambutol resistant bacteria, 10 4 Streptomycin resistant bacteria, 104 Isoniazid resistant bacteria and 102 Rifampicin resistant bacteria respectively. DOTS stands for ‘Directly Observed Therapy, Short – course’ and is a major plank in the WHO global tuberculosis eradication programme. The WHO advises that all tuberculosis patients should have atleast the first two months of their drug therapy should be observed with the aid of observer within that society. DOTS is used with intermittent dosing – Thrice weekly (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide) or twice weekly. The relative incidence of major adverse effects has been carefully described . a)Isoniazid – Hepatitis, Neuropathy – 0. 49%. )Rifampicin – Skin rash, Thrombocytopenia and Hepatitis – 0. 43 % c)Pyrazinamide – Skin rash and Hepatitis – 1. 48 % d)Streptomycin – Vertigo – 0. 43 % Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR and XDR – TB) Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as tuberculosis that is resistant at least to Isoniazid and Rifampicin isolates. In the year 200 6 â€Å"Extensively- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis† (XDR-TB) has emerged and defined as multi drug resistant tuberculosis that is resistant to quinolones and also to any one of kanamycin, capreomycin or amikacin. A 1997 survey of 35 countries found that 2% of the tuberculosis populations are infected by drug – resistant tuberculosis. The highest rates were in USSR, The Baltic states, Argentina, India and China. In 2006, MDR –TB in New York city has been increased to 20-30%. Annual risk of mortality rates increases by 10-15%. There is currently an epidemic of XDR-TB in South Africa. The outbreak was first reported as a cluster of 53 patients in a rural hospital in Kwazulu –Natal of whom 52 died . The treatment and prognosis of MDR-TB are much more akin to that of cancer than to that for infection. In these aspects, molecular manipulation is a productive source of new drugs. This research work pertains to the modification of Schiff bases on isoniazid to explore the new drugs with a desire to obtain highly potent, more specific and less toxic drugs. In the foregoing literature retrieval, it had been observed that the drug design can be performed by molecular manipulation and resulting in new productive drugs. The biological study of natural products with medicinally useful property and some of the chemical structure and its analogs had furnished to lead compounds, and its variation in the biological behavior. The pre-existing tuberculosis had made a challenging effect of medicinal chemists resulting in the extreme drug resistance. The performance of molecular manipulation still existed in a major line approach for the discovery of new drug analogues. To synthesize a derivative, an intermediate step has to be performed and to proceed for the further molecular manipulation. Combination of two or more active moieties in to one is a common procedure of manipulation and this can be possibly result in augmenting the activity, removal of untoward side effects and particularly to prevent development of resistance by the infectious microorganisms. Abundant literature support were available with regard to the study of Schiff bases as potent antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive, antiviral and anticancer perspectives. Schiff bases were the intermediate for the synthesis of azetidine -2 & 4- ones, thiazolidine -2 & 4- ones, triazoles & tetrazoles. It was interesting to observe that some analogues of Schiff bases were combined with other moieties like phenothiazines,hydrazines and some hydrazide derivatives of carboxylic acid resulting in a better performance in their respective biological activities. Hence, it was our interest to associate the Schiff bases with the primary drug isoniazid. Since Isoniazid is a well known antitubercular drug. As a vast number of reports were been available regarding the antitubercular perspectives of the isoniazid, there is still lacuna existing in the study of Schiff bases in the multi drug and extremely drug resistant M. tb strains. This study will full fill the properties of Schiff bases relevant to the prevailing drug resistant tuberculosis. Biological activities of Schiff bases Schiff bases are of interest and its important moiety which is associated with biological activity. Initially, most of the research program has been conducted to explore the antimicrobial perspectives of Schiff base derivatives. Based on the intermediate Schiff base various molecular manipulation were attempted to investigate and discover an effective antibacterials, antifungals & antiviral agents. In this preview of literature the various activities of Schiff bases pertaining to antibacterial perspectives has been studied. 1. Hearn et. al. , 2003 7 performed enzymatic acylation of the antitubercular isoniazid (INH) by N-acetyl transferases reduces therapeutic effectiveness of the drug. Since it dealt with the major metabolic pathway for INH in human beings, many of these derivatives were prepared and screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mice. They conclude the structural cogners of metabolites of INH may serve as significant leads in antitubercular drug discovery and in the exploration of the mode of action of INH. 2. Tarek Aboul – fadi et. al. , 2003 8 had synthesized N- alkyl derivative of INH and the Pharmacokinetic studies were been carried out in the bovine and sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that the rate and extent absorption of the tested derivatives. They show relative bioavailability of 183. 15 and 443. 25 respectively. 3. Sultana et. al. , 2007 9 studied the synthesis of hydrazones. The study afforded to the hitherto unreported 1-(4-chloro benzylidene) – hydrazinophthalazine, 1- nitrobenzylidene hydrazine phthalazine. , 3-(4-Chlorophenyl) –S-Triazolo (3,4-a) phthalazine. These structures were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques – IR, UV, H-NMR, EIMS, FD & HRMS. Anti hypertensive activity were been evaluated. 4. Koussi and Abdel rahman. , 2006 10 illustrated certain novel Schiff bases of 4- methyl-1,2,4 –triazole -3-mercaptoacetic acid hydrazide were synthesized and their chemical identities were elucidated by elemental analyses. IR, H-NMR,13- C-NMR and mass spectral data. The percentage of the geometrical isomers was elucidated using the 1-H NMR. The synthesized compounds were selected for screening at the tuberculosis antimicrobial acquisition and co-ordination facility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV strain in which they showed moderate activity at a concentration of 625 mg/mL. . Jiang et. al. , 2003 11 studied the series of chemically modified aryl- aldehyde Schiff bases has been synthesized and tested for their antioxidant activity and radiation protection. It was observed that disulfide –containing aryl –aldehyde schiff base exhibited potent free radical scavenging, antioxidation and radioprotective activities. 6. Pandeya et. al. ,1999 12 synthesized antib acterial, antifungal and anti human immunodeficiency virus activities of Schiff and Mannich bases derived from isatin derivatives and N – (4-(4’ chlorophenyl) thiazolyl thiosemi carbazide. Investigation of antimicrobial activity of compounds was done by agar dilution method. 7. Jayasekar et. al. , 1997 13 synthesized the Schiff bases of mesalazine and studied the anti inflammatory activity. The inhibition shows about 50-60% of the potency of the drug. In the present study, we had investigated certain Schiff base derivatives modified from isoniazid and it has screened for Extreme drug-resistant and Multidrug resistant tuberculosis strain procured from the patients suffering from tuberculosis. Bibilography: 1. Rothschild, B. , Martin, L. , Bercovier, L. G. , Gal, B. G. , Blatt, G. C. , Donoghue, H. , Spigelman, M and Brittain, D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30(3) : 305-311 ( 2001). 2. Pearce-Duvet, J. The origin of human pathogens evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 31(3) : 369-382 (2006). 3. Koch, R. Die Aetiolgieder Tuberculosis. Berliner Klinsche Wochenschrift. 19 : 221-230 (1882). 4. Wells, A. Q. The Murine type of tubercle bacillus : Medical Research Council Special Report No. 259. HMSO, London (1946). 5. Mark Spigelman, 2008. Excavated Jericho Bones may help Israeli- Plaestinian – German team to combat tuberculosis. News release, Feb 29, (2008): 1-5. 6. Steingart,K. , Henry,M. , Pasval,G. , Avery,T. O and Lyall, W. H. Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis : a systematic review. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 6 : 570-571 (2006). 7. Michael J Hearn, Michael H Cynamon. Design and synthesis of antituberculars: preparation and evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of an isoniazid Schiff base. Journal of Anti Microb. Chemotherapy. 53(2):185-191 (2004). . Tarek Aboul-Fadl, Faragany Abdel-Hamid Mohammed, Ehsan Abdel-Saboor Hassan. Synthesis, antitubercular activity and pharmacokinetic studies of some Schiff bases derived from 1-alkylisatin and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH). ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH , 26(10):778-784 ( 2003 ). 9. Sultana-N; Sarfaraz-TB; Nelofar-A; Hussain-SA. Potential antibacterial agents: Part VI â₠¬â€œ Synthesis and structure elucidation of schiff bases derived from hydralazine. Pak-J-Sci-Ind-Resch (Pakistan-Journal-of-Scientific-and-Industrial-Research); 50(3); 169-172 (2007). 10. El-Koussi-NA; Abdel-Rahman-HM . Novel 1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetic acid derivatives as potential antimycobacterial and antimicrobial agents. Bull-Pharm-Sci-Assiut-Univ (Bulletin-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences); 29(Part 1); 127-136 (2006). 11. Jiang-JJ; Chang-TC; Hsu-WF; Hwang-JM; Hsu-LY. Synthesis and biological activity of sulfur-containing aryl-aldehyde Schiff bases. Chem-Pharm-Bull (Chemical-and-Pharmaceutical-Bulletin); 51(11); 1307-1310 (2003). 12. Pandeya-SN; Sriram-D; Nath-G; De-Clercq-E. Synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal and anti HIV activity of Schiff and Mannich bases of isatin with N-(6-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yl) thiosemicarbazide. Indian-J-Pharm-Sci (Indian-Journal-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences); 61(6); 358-361 (1999). 13. Jayasekhar-P; Rao-SB; Santhakumari-G. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of Schiff bases of mesalazine. Indian-J-Pharm-Sci (Indian-Journal-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences); 59(1); 8-12 (1997). 14. Mcomia ; Protective group in Organic chemistry. P-66. 15. Trivedi,P. , Undavia,N. K. ,Dave, A. M. , Bhatt,K. N and Desai ,N. C. Indian Journal of Chem . , Vol 32B(7) : 760-765 ( 1993). 16. Divakar, C. M and Nair, G. R. N. Antiulcer, antibacterial and spermicidal activities of Salanin. Indian Drugs. 38(2): 629-932 (2001).

Kent State Massacre essays

Kent State Massacre essays On Thursday April 30th 1970 President Nixon gave a speech to the country. At the end of his speech he asked for the support of the nation for the soldiers over in Vietnam. I ask for your support for our brave men fighting tonight halfway around the world, not for territory, not for glory, but so that their younger brothers and their sons and your sons can have a chance to grow up in a world of peace and freedom, and justice (Payne). Also contained in that speech he told the nation that our military would be bombing and invading the nation of Cambodia, which proclaimed its neutrality. It was believed that the North Vietnamese had moved into Cambodia. Nixon believed that the move into Cambodia was crucial to end the war as quickly as possible. The nation was already divided over the war as a whole, the invasion into Cambodia would further that division. Protests were a constant site all across the United States. Students at many Universities and colleges across the country held peaceful protests against the decision the Nixon had made. The protests never got really large or out of control and occasionally would be seen on the news. Kent State University in Ohio was an exception. Protests began on Friday night and continued into the weekend and into the following week. As the group of protestors got larger the situation became more chaotic and the Ohio National Guard was called in to control the situation. On May 4th 1970 the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of students and protestors. Sixty-one rounds of ammunition were unloaded into the crowd in thirteen seconds. The bullets killed four people and wounded nine. People are still unsure as to why the National Guard fired their guns into the crowd. The students had the right to be protesting the war, but shots were fired anyway and innocent people were killed or wounded. The National Guardsman claim that they were being attacked by rock throwing f...

Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essays

Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essays Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essay Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essay Title: Peter and Susan are members of an carnal rights group named CFA ( Compassion for Animals ) . They are incensed at the policy of the EU of exporting unrecorded animate beings within the EU and from member provinces to other states throughout the universe. During a meeting of the CFA they propose to organize a March in two hebdomads clip with the intent of pulling attending to this pattern and showing against it. The March will continue through Wetcliffe, a big port and culminate at the central office of Cargo Ltd, the largest exporter in the U.K. The demonstrators assemble at Wetcliffe. There are about 500. Whilst assembled, and prior to the March commencing, Peter and Susan urge the demonstrators to stay peaceable in order to aerate their grudges more efficaciously. The demonstrators set off with Peter taking. As the March enters the town, the traffic is held up for 15 proceedingss and many of the local occupants are angry at the break the March is doing. Within proceedingss a little figure of the local occupants and a subdivision within the marchers are shouting maltreatment at each other and the temper of the March begins to acquire rather angry. Sergeant Burrows asks Peter and Susan to scatter half the group but they refuse and when the Sergeant asks them to deviate the March to climax some one half a stat mi from the central office of the Cargo Ltd. they once more refuse. Sergeant Burrows apprehensions Peter and Susan. The demonstrators arrive at Cargo Ltd. Jane and Robert reference, through loud hailers, their protagonists. A vocal group who are opposed to these positions are besides present, a group which includes several employees of Cargo Ltd. The latter threaten Jane and Robert with force if they do non scatter. Anxious at the possible eruption of force the constabulary apprehension Jane and Robert. The crowd is, by now, counter and the employees of Cargo Ltd cry and do opprobrious marks which antagonises the demonstrators. Some of the demonstrators retaliate by throwing missiles. Eight of the demonstrators light a fire under one of the lorries. The constabulary arrive and consequence several apprehensions including the eight demonstrators who had torched the lorry. Meanwhile Sergeant Burrows returns to the local Police Station with Peter and Susan. He has learnt that they live together and that their level is en path to the Police Station. He decides to come in and seek their premises on the evidences that he might happen inside informations of future riotous assemblages, believing Peter and Susan to be trouble makers. He finds nil but seizes a DVD redact, which is still in the box and Tells Peter and Susan that he believes this to be stolen. On reaching at the Police Station Peter and Susan are put in the cells, where they are left for 9 hours before being released with no charge. Explain the legality of the above incidents with mention to the powers of them constabularies to collar, the duties of the demonstrators and the human rights context. Let us get down with a treatment associating to the legality of the apprehension of Peter [ P ] and Susan [ S ] by Sergeant Burrows [ B ] : Apprehensions are of two sorts: a ) With a warrant and B ) without a warrant. There is no information provided in the facts of this instance which suggest that B did in fact obtain a warrant for the apprehension of P and S, and as such we will continue on the premise that the relevant jurisprudence in inquiry falls within the latter of the above two classs. The relevant jurisprudence refering the powers of apprehension without a warrant, by constabulary constables, are contained within subdivision 24 of PACE, as amended by subdivision 110 ( 1 ) of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005: Section 1 of the 2005 Act states that a constable may collar without a warrant ( a ) anyone who is about to perpetrate an offense ; ( B ) anyone who is in the act of perpetrating an offense ; ( degree Celsius ) anyone whom he has sensible evidences for surmising to be about to perpetrate an offense, and ; ( vitamin D ) anyone whom he has sensible evidences for surmising to be perpetrating an offense. Section 110, ss4 of the Act states that a constable may merely do such an apprehension where he has ‘reasonable grounds’ for believing that such an apprehension is ‘necessary’ . Section 110, ss5 of the 2005 Act stipulates the valid grounds which may take to such a ‘reasonable belief’ in the necessity of the app rehension. Let us now consider whether there is any information within the facts of our instance which might propose that B was justified in doing his apprehension of P and S: We are non told the grounds behind the apprehension: we are told nevertheless that P and S refused both ‘to disperse half the group’ and ‘to divert the March to climax some one and a half miles’ off from its proposed finish, at the central office of Cargo Ltd. We are besides told that the March, in which P. and S. are members, was barricading up portion of the town, with ‘traffic [ being ] held up for 15 minutes’ . Let us now ascertain whether any of the above facts might fulfill s110, US Secret Service ( 1 ) , US Secret Service ( 4 ) and US Secret Service ( 5 ) of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005: P. and S’s refusal to deviate the March to a different finish clearly does non represent an offense in itself, and as such, B was non empowered under s110 ( 1 ) of the Act to collar them on this land. In respect to P and S’s refusal to scatter half the crowd ; B might hold deemed this refusal as representing an offense under the Highway Obstruction Act, in visible radiation of the fact that P and S both orchestrated the March and were hence, at least to some extent, in control of the crowd [ we are told that the March was ‘being led by P’ ] and hence non merely responsible for the obstructor, but in a place to scatter it. In this manner, B might hold perceived that he was legitimately entitled to collar them under s110 ( 1 ) of the 2005 Act. However, it would be hard to reason that the apprehension of P and S would hold served to take this obstructor, and as such, whilst fulfilling the ground specifications of s110 ( 5 ) ( V ) of the 2005 Act [ ‘causing an improper obstructor of the highway’ ] , an apprehension on this land would about surely be deemed improper due to s110 ( 4 ) which required B to hold an apprehension necessary in order to foresta ll the obstructor in inquiry, when clearly the apprehension would non, and did non [ the March go oning regardless of the absence of P and S ] , have this consequence. In respect to their personal presence [ i.e. being portion of the obstructor themselves ] , B may hold believed that P and S were themselves in breach of the Highway Obstruction Act, and as such had evidences under s110 ( 1 ) of the 2005 Act to do an apprehension. For the apprehension to be lawful nevertheless, B must hold once more deemed the apprehensionnecessary[ s110 ( 4 ) ] upon one of the evidences specified in s110 ( 5 ) , and it is my contention that this statement would neglect: the facts presented to us make non bespeak that B of all time really asked P and S to travel themselves, simply to scatter some of the other dissenters, and as such an apprehension was non yetnecessaryin order to take the obstructor ; had they been asked to travel themselves and so refused, there is no uncertainty that all the legal commissariats would hold been satisfied to guarantee that the apprehension made by B was lawful, but this is non apparent from the facts provided, and this statement must therefore fail. With respects to B’s common jurisprudence power to do apprehension under the Public Order Act 1936 ; there is no grounds to propose that P and S were doing an altercation, or that their refusals were, or were likely to do any breach of the peace, and as such, in visible radiation of the determination in Wershof V Metropolitan Police Commissioner [ 1978 ] , we can disregard an probe into this possible claim. In decision, the apprehension of P and S had no lawful footing and must been seen as a cardinal breach of their cardinal human right to single autonomy, as protected by Article 5 of the ECHR and enacted into English jurisprudence by the Human Rights Act 1998. P and S would hence be absolutely within their rights to establish an action against the constabulary force on the land of improper apprehension. Likewise, it appears that B did non inform them of the grounds for the apprehension ( as required by PACE, s28 ) , and this would be sufficient evidences, in itself, for a successful action against the constabulary for improper apprehension ( e.g. Christie V Leachinski 1947 ) . As for the apprehension of Jane [ J ] and Robert [ R ] ; whilst s110 ( 5 ) ( two ) of the 2005 Act stipulates that an apprehension may be deemed necessary ( ss4 ) in order to forestall them from being harmed ( the employees of Cargo Ltd were endangering them with force ) , J and R were non themselves perpetrating any offense and as such no lawful apprehension could be justified under ss1 of this Act. Prima facie, their references made via loud-speakers might be seen as representing incitation to breach of the peace under the Public Order Act 1936, but there is no grounds provided which suggests that J. and R. were motivating the crowd to do any breach of the peace, and as such, in visible radiation of the determination in Wershof V Metropolitan Police Commissioner [ 1978 ] , must neglect. In decision, the apprehension of J and R had no lawful footing and must been seen as a cardinal breach of their cardinal human right to single autonomy, as protected by article 5 of the ECHR, as ena cted into English jurisprudence by the Human Rights Act 1998. J and R would hence be absolutely within their rights to establish an action against the constabulary force on this land. Likewise, it appears that B did non inform them of the grounds for the apprehension ( as required by PACE, s28 ) , and this would be sufficient evidences, in itself, for a successful action against the constabulary for improper apprehension ( e.g. Christie V Leachinski 1947 ) . This Section is designed ‘to protect the person against the extra or maltreatment of the power of apprehension, ’ ( Hill v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire 1990 ) in the same manner that Article 5 of the ECHR efforts to protect such violations of personal autonomy. As for the apprehensions of the eight demonstrators who lit a fire under the lorry ; clearly s110 ( 1 ) is satisfied by their blazing offense of incendiarism, and ss4 would be satisfied as an apprehension was necessary to forestall these attackers from doing farther harm ( s110 ( 5 ) ( degree Celsius ) ( three ) ) and to let the prompt and effectual probe of this offense and their behavior ( s110 ( 5 ) ( vitamin E ) ) . It should be noted that we are told the constabulary effected ‘several apprehensions including the eight demonstrators who had torched the lorry’ , connoting that more than these eight people were arrested. There is nil from the facts to bespeak which other parties were arrested, whether demonstrators or employees of Cargo Ltd, and as such any treatment of the legality of these extra apprehensions would be strictly bad. In respects to the duties of the demonstrators in this inquiry ; the jurisprudence must endeavor to strike the right balance between freedom of look, in leting protestors to voice their sentiments, and doing certain that the demonstrators do non motivate racial hate or alienation, promote blasphemy or promote violent behavior [ or take portion in such behaviour ] . In our instance the apprehensions of J, R, P and S were, leading facie, illegal ; none of these parties being in breach of their duties as demonstrators to maintain the peace ( we are even told that Peter and Susan urged the demonstrators to stay peaceable! ) . Clearly nevertheless the demonstrators responsible for the incendiarism onslaught on the lorry were in breach of their duties and the jurisprudence as such provided sufficient evidences for their lawful apprehension. With respect to B’s entrance of P and S’s premises: there is no indicant that they gave consent to such entry ( as per Code of Practice B, para 4 ) , and about surely B had non obtained a hunt warrant in conformity with subdivision 8 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. In Thomas V Sawkins [ 1935 ] , a common jurisprudence right to come in without such a warrant in order to ‘deal with or forestall a breach of the peace’ was entertained. In visible radiation of the fact that B entered on evidences that ‘he might happen inside informations of future riotous gatherings’ and as such, was for the specific intent of ‘preventing a [ hereafter ] breach of the peace’ , a tribunal might keep that such entry was lawful, although the instance of McLoed v UK ( 1998 ) seemed to set such a contention to rest as being a breach of Article 8 of the ECHR [ regard for place and private life ] . Assuming that a lawful right to entry could be e stablished, which I do non strongly believe to be the instance in visible radiation of the human rights context and the determination in the aforesaid ECHR instance, allow us now analyse the legality of the hunt conducted on P and S’s premises by Bacillus: Again, we can presume that B did non obtain a warrant to seek the premises. We besides know that P and S were non present in their house at the clip of, or instantly anterior to their apprehension. As such, the relevant jurisprudence is contained within s18 PACE, which permits a hunt of an arrested person’s house if ‘reasonable evidences exist to surmise that there is, on the premises, grounds associating to the offense for which the individual was arrested, or other arrest-able offences’ . B believed P and S to be trouble makers in visible radiation of their earlier refusals to collaborate, and as such there is no uncertainty that he believed such sensible evidences to be. As for B’s ictus of the cd-writer ; the instance of Ghani V Jones [ 1970 ] outlined status by which a constable may legitimately prehend points which have nil to make with his original grounds for entry. None of these conditions would be satisfied in this instance. S19 ( 2 ) PACE states that such points may be seized if there are sensible evidences to propose that the points in inquiry have been obtained through offense, and remotion of the points is necessary to forestall them being later concealed, lost, damaged or destroyed ; the presence of a bran-new boxed Cadmium author nevertheless does non look sufficient to warrant sensible evidences, and as such, I must reason that this ictus was improper. The last issue to discourse is the length of clip that P and S were detained at the constabulary station without charge ; in visible radiation of the fact that the apprehension was doubtless illegal, P and S would hold clear rights to take action for false imprisonment. If the apprehension had been lawful nevertheless, there would hold been no job with the length of clip [ 9 hours ] for which they were detained [ 96 hours maximum- PACE ] , every bit long as they were allowed to confer with a canvasser ( s58 PACE ) and have a friend or household informed of their apprehension and detainment ( s56 PACE ) , should they so wish. Mentions: Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 Public Order Act 1936 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1987 [ PACE ] Police Act 1997 Wershof V Metropolitan Police Commissioner [ 1978 ] 3 All ER 540 Hill V Chief Constable of South Yorkshire ( 1990 ) 1 All ER 1046 Thomas V Sawkins [ 1935 ] 2 KB 249 McLoed V UK ( 1998 ) 28 EHRR 493 Ghani V Jones [ 1970 ] 1 QB 693

Breakthroughs in American Jazz essays

Breakthroughs in American Jazz essays The backdrop was New Orleans in the late 19th century, a growing port city with a diverse population of African Americans, whites, displaced French settlers, and immigrants from the West Indies and South America. This hodgepodge of cultures mixed European influenced popular music, such as ragtime, with tradition African music creating the hybrid musical style known as jazz. Jazz, bold and beautiful, in its purest sense demands high instrumentation mastery, creativity, and improvisation combined with low rehearsal and repetition. Unlike opera or symphony music, jazz dates back a little more than a century ago and finds all of its major developments occurring in the United States. Jazz is constantly changing and evolving. From the beginning to now there are six distinct styles mimicking American life for the past century. What started out as ragtime turned into early jazz with musicians like Jelly Roll Morton, Kid Ory and King Oliver. Politically and economically the Great Depression changed everything including the sound and style of jazz music. Quartets became less popular because people wanted music with more of a punch, this was the movement of swing and the big band. In the early 1940's two different jazz styles were developing bebop and cool/west coast jazz. Musicians not satisfied with the rules regarding big band music, limited opportunities for improvisation and musical experimentation, began to break those rules regarding how music in the jazz style should be created and how it should sound. The last two steps in jazz's evolution is Hard Bop and Avant-Garde/Free Jazz. Hard Bop is a hard driving descendant of bop and Avant-Garde Jazz is bou ndarieless jazz that freque frequently uses honks and squeaks in the music encompassing all ranges and sounds from the instruments. Ornette Coleman's 1960 album Free Jazz in 37 minutes of complete collective impersonation. ...

Chinese popular culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese popular culture - Essay Example Speaking about Chinese television, the 20th century is deservingly considered to be revolutionary in the field. In the 20th century you could hardly find a person who did not watch TV and now with the development of internet, television still does not loose its popularity. Then with the development of technology new opportunities appeared for people providing the chance to listen to the music and watch films every day, every moment, every second. Moreover, art became something very prestigious and musicians turned into the most influential people in the society. Braester points out â€Å"with the rise of â€Å"cultural economy† (wenhua jingji) in the mid-1990s, cultural capital and economic capital became exchangeable. Cultural references could be cashed in to enhance the monetary value of a commercial project, and the brokers of culture became powerful elite. Under these circumstances, ?lmmakers – like their counterparts in music distribution, art exhibition and liter ary promotion – could bene?t from their skills as producers of artifacts of wide appeal and their proximity to intellectual circles to become in?uential middlemen† (Braester, 2006, p. 551). The 20-21st centuries brought the new opportunities to make experiments. The popularity the television gained attracted young generations to the field of art. Now the number of musicians is growing every day as the youth is fond of music very much. With the elimination of many prejudices the Chinese society has been always full of, new opportunities to make different experiments appeared, thus new waves appeared and the development of the music accelerated. The development of technology does not bring benefits to all the fields of media. Some fields became less popular, because other fields appeared. One field that simply could not benefit from this development is the newspaper industry. It is no need to say that the development of technology made newspapers and journals useless. How ever, China can be called an exception. Chinese people still consider newspapers and journals to be the main sources of information. There are five types of popular newspapers that people like very much: evening newspapers, business issues, weekly informative newspapers and law newspapers. Speaking about the evolution of newspapers since 1978, it is essential to mention that the newspapers and journals changed much, became bright and informative. The number of newspapers and journals has also increased. In 1980 there were 80 newspapers in the country and now their number increased to 2,200. The whole number of journals and newspapers in China now grew to many millions due to new economic opportunities, which allow to open private publishing houses. Now Chinese people do not want the government to control media too strictly. The government is implementing the full control only over the news. Chinese population received more opportunities for self-expression. Globalization brought man y changes to all the areas of media. Kloet states: â€Å"over the past decades, disjunctive ?ows of capital, people, technologies, media and ideologies have been subject to profound changes that have deeply intensi?ed processes of globalization† (Kloet, 2005, p. 610). Television and newspapers are two fields, which shape the life of people in today’s Chinese society. Sometimes the influence of media is even considered to be harmful, for example, media is accused in

Violence in the Nursing Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Violence in the Nursing Profession - Essay Example It has been noted that nurses are easily exposed to violence in certain scenarios in the course of dispensing their duties, thereby increasing their vulnerability (Carter, 2000). The healthcare sector is faced with many challenges including limited budgets, low work motivation, low pay and understaffing. These challenges on their own create tension in the work environment and in most cases; nurses bear the brute of the frustration. Violence is in many forms including physical, psychological, sexual harassment, isolation and intimidation. The patriarchal medical model has contributed a great deal to this vice as nurses are seen as doctor’s handmaidens (O’Connell et al 2000).In this sense, doctors may form a condescending and intimidating attitude toward nurses whereby they feel their qualification and status is superior to those of nurses. Nurses also face violence from hospital visitors and patients, some of who express their grief, frustrations and misgivings to the nurses, who tend to be more available than doctors. Horizontal violence is also rampant, where nurses themselves administer violence on each. Studies show that nursing students during their clinical assignment in their courses are the most vulnerable to violence (Randle 2003). CASE STUDY 1 SUMMARY The first case study will look into the article dubbed â€Å"Aggression in the Workplace: A study of Horizontal Violence Utilizing Heideggerian Hermeneutic Phenomenology.† The article sought to ascertain the existence and rampant widespread of horizontal violence amongst nurses in healthcare institutions. One or more group members towards another member or section of the larger group (Duffy 1995) define horizontal violence as hostile or aggressive behavior. Studies show that the prevalence is high but majority of the cases go unreported due to fear of stigmatization and/or retribution (Farrel 1997).This case study also seeks to identify the impact of horizontal violence on the victims’ work performance and relationships with others. Study Design The Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology was the chosen method of research in this article. This qualitative approach by Heidegger, a German philosopher, proposes that all knowledge comes from people in t he world and the attempt to understand other people in the world. It thus means that we are always within the hermeneutic circle of Interpretation (Leonard 1989).With this design the researcher has a preliminary understanding of horizontal violence (Leonard 1989) and will be able to add personal experience and understanding to the research (Walter 1995). Sampling Strategies and Data collection In compiling information for this article, the use of questionnaires was employed. The sample size comprised of two registered nurses who had consensual agreed to take part in the study based on their expertise in the field (Field and Morse; 1985). The sample size was relatively small but since it was a qualitative analysis, sample size depended on the accuracy of the information given by the respondents and their abilities to do so. Data collection was done using recorded audio tapes. This method was the

Giving Birth Control to Teenagers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Giving Birth Control to Teenagers - Essay Example This essay considers questions of teenage birth control and argues that it is in the best interest of the country to permit teenager’s access to it. One of the primary arguments against providing birth control to teenagers is that it encourages them to engage in sexual relations. When one considers this argument, it’s demonstrated to be completely erroneous. The human sexual drive is one of the primary instinctual motivations and as such teenagers will continue to experiment with sex whether effective contraception is made available or not. Indeed, teenage pregnancy rates are on the rise (Dawn). In these regards, it’s clear that policymakers must make a shift in their perspectives from viewing birth control as a harmful element, to one that can actually aid teenagers who are already engaging in sexual practices. The idea that birth control contributes to teenage sex is in large part derived from a naive notion of teenage sexual norms. Policymakers are assuming th at in the process of educating teenagers of their birth control options, the teenagers will suddenly become sexually aware and decide to engage in sexual practices. In reality teenagers are not this naive. In prohibiting birth control then policy makers are essentially increasing the chances of teenage pregnancy, as teenagers will increasingly resort to riskier methods of intercourse.

Viability of Incorporating E-business Research Paper

Viability of Incorporating E-business - Research Paper Example The prevailing scenario of the business world is the outcome of multiple factors where globalisation plays a very crucial role. Globalisation has itself offered better opportunities for trade and commerce as it has helped to enhance international trade. Moreover, the technological advancement is another key factor that has contributed significantly towards the growth prospect. The world economies have experienced a massive development in the fields of information & communication technology, transportation, infrastructure, research & development etc. All these improvements have changed the entire social and economic arena and now the entire business world is successfully incorporating and utilising these technical improvements to gain a better and sustainable competitive advantage over the prevailing highly competitive business world. In this regard, e-business and e-commerce are two most crucial technological developments that have revolutionised the entire business world. ...On the other hand, considering the prevailing essence of competitive advantage, every organisation must incorporate e-business in their strategic business management. This paper will attempt to offer a plan for incorporating the e-business through a process of restructuring the entire business model. In this respect, before re-modelling the strategic business structure, number of tasks like environmental condition of the present business setup, including internal and external assessment, analysis of competitive market, financial planning etc has to be done. In order to meet these objectives, this paper will present necessary discussion through analysis. On the other hand, based on the analysis and discussion, a plausible set of recommendation will be offered in order to frame an e-business oriented strategy. A. Developing an online business expansion proposal Brief outline of the company and product Light Feet Shoe (LFS) Pvt. Ltd is primarily an India-based shoe manufacturing and retailing company. LFS has been in the shoe manufacturing and retailing industry of India for the past one and half decades. Since its inception, the company has experienced a massive growth in its domestic market and has also established a number of manufacturing plants and retailers storeall over India. One of the primary reasons for its massive success is that it has been offering better quality shoes at reasonable prices compared to its other key competitors. On the other hand, it has also targeted the customers belonging to the middle income group and has been able to develop brand preferences in their mind.

The nurses role as a cultural broker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The nurses role as a cultural broker - Essay Example Nurses as cultural brokers had a role to build an understanding of the cultural factors and awareness of the different communities they serve and of the many ways in which such factors influence communities and the community members. It is not a must for a Cultural Broker to be a member of a particular cultural background or community. However, it was a requirement for them to have a history and experience with different cultural groups for which they serve as brokers. They needed to respect and trust the community they are working for, have knowledge of the community’s values, beliefs, and health practices of different cultural groups. It is equally important for them to have a clear understanding of the traditional and indigenous wellness and healing networks of that particular community for them to be effective middlemen. Nurses as cultural brokers ensure that individuals’ values customs and spiritual beliefs of an individual are respected accordingly. The nurses also ensure an individual receives information that is accurate, sufficient and culturally appropriate manner on which to base consent for care and treatment. The final role was to navigate the health care delivery and the community’s supportive systems (Parker, 2001).

Accounting in Society Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting in Society - Case Study Example There comes the question of consideration whether the presence of the accounting standards is a good or bad thing. There have been several arguments, in though of Baxter, regarding the presence of the accounting standards because there can be commands as well as regulations which help to run life more smoothly while there is the requirement of flexibility in dealing with certain aspects. It should be considered about the benefits that prevail through the presence of the accounting standards because the standards lay emphasis on what should be done rather than why and how it should be done. Therefore, it is quite important to consider whether having the accounting standards is good or bad because at one side they may make life easy by providing a set of rules and on the other hand it may create life difficult by taking away the flexibility of an accountant. The history of the accounting standards began in the late 1930’s when the idea of accounting based on the standard came to light. United States and the United Kingdom were among the countries which were thoroughly involved in the development of the accounting standards at the start and gave the accounting standards some initial touches. The history of both the countries which brought us the accounting standards today is outlined below with their levels of development in both the United States and United Kingdom. The US based standards took a series of stages to develop and come into a shape. In the beginning, the process was initiated by the committee on accounting procedures in 1939 who issued Accounting research bulletins. The committee worked for around 20 years and issued 50 Accounting Research Bulletins. There was a lot of criticism on that committee and their work because they were accused of not relying on the research that much. Therefore, in its place an Accounting Principles Board came in

Viability of Incorporating E-business Research Paper

Viability of Incorporating E-business - Research Paper Example The prevailing scenario of the business world is the outcome of multiple factors where globalisation plays a very crucial role. Globalisation has itself offered better opportunities for trade and commerce as it has helped to enhance international trade. Moreover, the technological advancement is another key factor that has contributed significantly towards the growth prospect. The world economies have experienced a massive development in the fields of information & communication technology, transportation, infrastructure, research & development etc. All these improvements have changed the entire social and economic arena and now the entire business world is successfully incorporating and utilising these technical improvements to gain a better and sustainable competitive advantage over the prevailing highly competitive business world. In this regard, e-business and e-commerce are two most crucial technological developments that have revolutionised the entire business world. ...On the other hand, considering the prevailing essence of competitive advantage, every organisation must incorporate e-business in their strategic business management. This paper will attempt to offer a plan for incorporating the e-business through a process of restructuring the entire business model. In this respect, before re-modelling the strategic business structure, number of tasks like environmental condition of the present business setup, including internal and external assessment, analysis of competitive market, financial planning etc has to be done. In order to meet these objectives, this paper will present necessary discussion through analysis. On the other hand, based on the analysis and discussion, a plausible set of recommendation will be offered in order to frame an e-business oriented strategy. A. Developing an online business expansion proposal Brief outline of the company and product Light Feet Shoe (LFS) Pvt. Ltd is primarily an India-based shoe manufacturing and retailing company. LFS has been in the shoe manufacturing and retailing industry of India for the past one and half decades. Since its inception, the company has experienced a massive growth in its domestic market and has also established a number of manufacturing plants and retailers storeall over India. One of the primary reasons for its massive success is that it has been offering better quality shoes at reasonable prices compared to its other key competitors. On the other hand, it has also targeted the customers belonging to the middle income group and has been able to develop brand preferences in their mind.

Accounting in Society Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting in Society - Case Study Example There comes the question of consideration whether the presence of the accounting standards is a good or bad thing. There have been several arguments, in though of Baxter, regarding the presence of the accounting standards because there can be commands as well as regulations which help to run life more smoothly while there is the requirement of flexibility in dealing with certain aspects. It should be considered about the benefits that prevail through the presence of the accounting standards because the standards lay emphasis on what should be done rather than why and how it should be done. Therefore, it is quite important to consider whether having the accounting standards is good or bad because at one side they may make life easy by providing a set of rules and on the other hand it may create life difficult by taking away the flexibility of an accountant. The history of the accounting standards began in the late 1930’s when the idea of accounting based on the standard came to light. United States and the United Kingdom were among the countries which were thoroughly involved in the development of the accounting standards at the start and gave the accounting standards some initial touches. The history of both the countries which brought us the accounting standards today is outlined below with their levels of development in both the United States and United Kingdom. The US based standards took a series of stages to develop and come into a shape. In the beginning, the process was initiated by the committee on accounting procedures in 1939 who issued Accounting research bulletins. The committee worked for around 20 years and issued 50 Accounting Research Bulletins. There was a lot of criticism on that committee and their work because they were accused of not relying on the research that much. Therefore, in its place an Accounting Principles Board came in

Presentation Ansognosia Essay Example for Free

Presentation Ansognosia Essay Slide 1 (Wait for the cartoon character to appear) Slide 2 My job   is to speak on the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation   and the pognosis of Anosognosia. Questionnaires and diagnostic methods insuffiecient Slide 3   Let us talk about the assessment of insight and awareness. Slide 4   Assessment is a problem as results depend on what the patients says. There is no yardstick by which the doctor can assess. Slide 5 I have displayed a few assessment techniques that are practised even though the system may not lead to perfect conclusions. Self   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The patient himself can give you certain details voluntarily. You may have to select the information that is relevant to diagnosis of anosognosia or neglect. The primary condition that accompanies the anosgnosia must be assessed too. i.e.   hemiplegia, hemiparesis, schizophrenia , Alzheimer’sDisease etc. By the time the patient comes to you, there is a chance that some other doctors may have seen and diagnosed the condition. You may have to just confirm. Slide 6   Interview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You may have to ask leading questions.    Slide 7   The assesment has to cover various aspects of assessing awareness Slide 8 Screening question asking the patient to elaborate his difficulties. Follow-up questions may also be necessary to elicit more inormation Slide 9 Further questions that would give a picture of the emergent awareness. Slide 10 These question give informtion on the anticipatory awareness. Slide 11 This question will further tell you whether the patient has accepted his problem and is willing to be compliant to treatment. Slide 12 The patient’s frame of mind and his future cooperation may be asessed. His willingness to accept treatment and his plans to have his condition improved will further inform you about possible treatment strategies. You may plan accordingly allowing some space for his plans. Slide 13 He will be telling you what he does presently to get over his difficulty and whose help he gets . Has he adopted a new hobby that helps him? These should give an insight into his capacity and aim of reaching success in overcoming anosgnosia . Slide 14 He will give information as to the effectiveness of his techique and whether he appears to have responded. Slide 15 The scroes obtained from the questions qould help to identify the extent of the anosognisia or impairment of awareness in the patient. A high score would be 0. 10 would be the low score Slide 16 We still have to elicit more information about his primary condition. Information about previous treatment should be elicited. Slide 17   Do cognitive problems disturb his progress? How   his friends see the problem according to him is also important. Slide 18 I   shall now speak on rehabilitation. Many studies have been done on this subject. Slide 19 Orfei et al described a hemiplegic patient as one who will not report a deficit, may overestimate their abilities and may deny that they are unable to move a paretic limb. He said that the hemiplegic patient is unable to detect or report his unawareness. Slide 20 He suggested that there is a need for multidimensional assessment and some directions for furture research. Slide 21 Feinberg et al studied 2 groups of patients , one with anosognosia and the other without. The relationship between hemiplegia and visuoverbal confabulation was assessed. Slide 22 His conclusion states that verbal confabulation is an important determinant in anosgnosia. Slide 23 Another study of his confirms a strong relationship between anosognosia for hemiplegia and confabulations the movement og the plegic limb. Slide 24 What exactly are we trying to rehabilitate? We would be working on the anticipatory awareness, emergent awareness and intellectual awareness. Intellectual awareness would include the awareness and the understanding of the problem. Slide 25 Approaches to rehabilitation (Read the slide) Slide 26 Approaches to rehabiltitation explained with model We increase anticipatory awarenes by strategy identification, practice,monitoring and feedback. For emergent awareness we do monitoring of self and staff , get feedback and then work on attention strategy To initiate intellectual awareness, we resort to education, feedback from self ans staff monitoring and video clipping of the patient’ responses. Slide 27   Our education process can involve all or some of the approaches mentioned here. (read the slide.) Slide 28 About the prognosis. Anosognosia does affect rehaibilitation or plays a role in it Slide 29 Gialanella et al’ article â€Å"The Rehabilitative Role of Anosognosia†Ã‚   speaks about his study. He concluded that the presence of anosognosia worsens the rehabilitation prognosis in hemiplegic subjects who also have neglect. Slide 30 Appelros’ study showed that both neglect and anosognosia influenced disability and prognosis Slide 31   Hartman-Maier in a study found that anosognosia for hemiplegia has a high risk for negative functional outcome in stroke rehabilitation. appelro et al found that both neglect and anosognosia affect rehabilitation. Slide 32 Slide 33 (Read the conclusions) Slide 34 Signing off.

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck | Analysis

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck | Analysis John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, was first published in 1937. At the time, America was still suffering the grim aftermath of the depression and the itinerant workers who form the basis of the novel were very much within the consciousness of a nation separated by wealth yet driven by the idea of ‘the American dream’. Steinbeck’s novel is, however, essentially a tale of loneliness, of men struggling alone against a cold, uncaring and faceless destiny. The central protagonists, George and Lennie are, as they are proud to proclaim, different from the others because they have each other. They are an odd couple, George the shrewd, wiry yet ultimately caring protector of the ironically named Lennie Small, who is, in fact, a huge man who doesn’t know his own strength and is mentally incapable of making the smallest of decisions for himself; he relies on George completely but equally, George needs Lennie as he gives him a reason to keep going. Lennie, despite his lack of intellect, senses this because when he knows George feels guilty for being angry with him, he takes advantage of the moment to manipulate George into repeating the story of their ‘dream future’, especially the rabbits they intend to keep with which Lennie is obsessed. They are not related but Lennie’s aunt has brought up George and he has promised her that he will look after Lennie, now she has died. The secret dream they share, of building a life together on a ranch and ‘liv[ing] off the fatta the lan’ is central but the very title of the book, taken from Robert Burns’ poem ‘To a Mouse’ foreshadows the ultimate defeat of their dream, since it speaks of plans going wrong. The two men are en route for another in a series of ranch jobs, having been run out of Weed, the place where they previously lived and worked, because Lennie has been wrongly accused of attempted rape because of his innocent desire to touch the material of a girl’s skirt; again there is foreshadowing here of the tragic ending of the novel. Indeed, the whole of the book follows the circular movement established by the setting of the beginning of the novel and inverting descriptions used there in the ending which takes place in the same spot, where Lennie has been warned to return if anything goes wrong which inevitably it does. Upon arrival at the ranch, Steinbeck takes the opportunity to introduce the reader, via the newcomers, to a panoply of characters, all loners for one reason or another: the old, maimed and dispirited Candy, the black, crippled and isolated Crooks, the feisty and arrogant boss’s son, Curley, who is newly and unhappily married, his wife being what the others call a ‘tramp’, and the god-like Slim, to whom all the others look up and to whom they all look for an image to idolise. Steinbeck uses each of these in a different way to show facets of loneliness and isolation, with only Slim seeming beyond the idea that he is an object of pity. From the first, George is afraid that the aggressive boss’s son, Curley, will cause trouble for himself and Lennie because he is an amateur boxer who sees Lennie’s size as a challenge and is ‘handy’. However, when he is involved in a violent incident with Curley through no fault of his own, Lennie crushes his hand and Slim warns him that if anything is said about it, he will make Curley look a fool, the thing he knows Curley fears most. Indeed, Steinbeck perpetually uses Slim as his centre of consciousness in the novel, the man in whom George confides, in a carefully choreographed ‘confessional’ scene, for example, where even the lighting reflects the intense interrogative. Slim is also the only one of the men who appears to have any kind of relationship with Crooks. It is no coincidence, either, that it is Slim who comforts and consoles George at the end of the book, telling him ‘You hadda, George. I swear you hadda’ and leading him away. Perhaps the most controversial aspect of Steinbeck’s novel is undoubtedly his portrayal of women. The only female character to have a real presence in the book is Curley’s wife, who appears to have married Curley on a whim, having been disappointed in her ludicrous ambition to become a film star, and is already clearly on the lookout for a better prospect. She flirts with the men, is clearly attracted to Slim, and abuses Crooks, emphasising as she does this the racial tensions of the time. The other references to women are to prostitutes and Lennie’s late aunt, rather oddly sharing a name with the local ‘madam’ of the brothel. Steinbeck here lays himself open to the charge of sexism, especially since in other works such as East of Eden, which he wrote in 1952, women are similarly portrayed as an entrapment to men, perhaps indicating a connective with difficulties in his personal life. In conclusion, however, it must be said that the enduring appeal of Steinbeck’s powerful novel remains intrinsically the moving realisation of the central relationship between George and Lennie and how their rather coincidental coming together becomes for both the defining emotion of their lives. Precisely because there are two of them, that someone, as George says, ‘gives a damn’, Steinbeck is able to highlight the loneliness of the itinerant drifters of whom he also writes movingly in The Grapes of Wrath (1939). The sharing of their dream with the desperate Candy is in a sense the beginning of the end because as it becomes almost a reality it is simultaneously broken by the intrusion of possibility symbolised by him. In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck made a nationwide problem human and in doing so, he created characters who continue to both move and disturb. Bibliography: Cynthia Burkhead, Student Companion to John Steinbeck, (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT., 2002). Donald V. Coers, Paul D. Ruffin and Robert J. DeMott, eds., After the Grapes of Wrath: Essays on John Steinbeck in Honor of Tetsumaro Hayashi, (Ohio University Press, Athens, OH, 1995). Robert DeMott, Steinbecks Typewriter: Essays on His Art, (The Whitston Publishing Company Troy, New York 1997). Tetsumaro Hayashi, John Steinbeck: The Years of Greatness, 1936-1939, (University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1993). Arthur Hobson Quinn and Appleton-Century-Crofts, The Literature of the American People: An Historical and Critical Survey, (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1951). Claudia Durst Johnson, Understanding of Mice and Men, the Red Pony, and the Pearl: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents, (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT., 1997). John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, (Longman, Harlow, 2000). John Steinbeck IV and Nancy Steinbeck, The Other Side of Eden: Life with John Steinbeck, (Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY, 2001).

Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth es

Imagery and Symbolism in Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   With its eye-opening plot and interesting cast of characters, William Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth is one of the greatest works one could ever read. But, above all, the aspect of the play is most impressive and overwhelming with imagery and symbolism that Shakespeare so brilliantly uses. Throughout the play, the author depicts various types of imagery and symbolism instances that, eventually, lead to the downfall of the main character, Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Instances of imagery and symbolism are seen throughout the play. Imagery and symbolism are unavoidable features in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. One of the most prominent symbolic factors in the play is the presence of blood. It has been noted that the presence of blood â€Å"increases the feelings or fear , horror , and pain† (Spurgeon , Pg. 20). From the appearance of the bloody sergeant in the second scene of the to the very last scene , there is a continued vision of blood all throughout the play. The imagery of blood seems to affect almost all the characters in the play. It affects Lady Macbeth in the scene in which she is found sleepwalking talking to herself after the murders of Duncan and Banquo : â€Å"Here’s the smell of the blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.† Also , the blood imagery is present in the â€Å"weird sisters† , or witches. Most evidently , i t is present in act four, scene one, when Macbeth visits the witches to seek their insight and his fortune for the future. He is shown three apparitions , one of which is a bloody child that commands him to â€Å"Be bloody , bold and resolute : laugh to scorn†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although blood imagery deals with almost all the characters of the play , no where i... ..., New York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Gove, Philip Babcock. Webster’s Third International Dictionary.   Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam, 1967 Jorgensen, Paul A.   Our Naked Frailties.   Los Angeles: U of CA, 1971. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. New York: Penguin Books, 1987. Shakespeare, William.   Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul  Ã‚   Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staunten, Howard, The Complet Illustrated Shakespeare, New York, Park Lane Publishing, 1979. Steevens, George. Shakespeare, The Critical Heritage. Vol. 6. London:  Ã‚   Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.  Ã‚   Watson, Robert.   Thriftless Ambition, Foolish Wishes, and the Tragedy of Macbeth . Shakespeare and the Hazards of Ambition. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1984.  Ã‚   Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.        

Science Fiction Explored in Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The

The Legacy of Science Fiction Explored in Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The Invisible Man Science Fiction is a branch of literature that explores the possibilities of human scientific advances, especially technological ones. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (published in 1818) was a precursor of the genre which was established by Jules Verne's novels of the late 1800's. HG Wells at the turn of the twentieth century brought more scientific rigour in his works, such as The Time Machine, The Invisible Man and The War of the Worlds. Isaac Asimov and Arthur C Clarke are among the most familiar writers of science fiction of the modern era (Cambridge Encyclopaedia, 1994). However, works from an earlier time, Frankenstein, Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and H.G.Wells' The Invisible Man, have had a profound influence on thinking about science and its relationship to humanity and the world we live in. [AU1]This essay explores the cultural legacy of these three works and seeks to explain why they have been so influential. Frankenstein explores many issues related to science and humanity[AU2]. Behrendt has identified some of the themes as individual and class alienation, social conditioning, gender stereotyping, conflict between rational intellect and intuitive emotion and the revisionist Romantic view of the relation between God and humanity [AU3](1990). Alienation is seen in the fact that Frankenstein left community to do his experiments, and refused to share with others what he had found; at the same time he utterly abandoned the life that he created (Madigan 2000, cited in Penner nd). [AU4]Gender stereotyping is noted by Johnson (1987) who sees the novel as the story of a man who usurps the female role b... ...984) Science and society: A brief look at the Invisible Man. The Wellsian, 7: 19-23[AU11] Suvin, D (1991) Wells as the Turning Point of SF tradition. In J Huntington (ed) (1991). Critical essays on H.G. Wells. Boston: G.K. Hall[AU12]. US National Library of Medicine (Feb 2002) Frankenstein: Penetrating the secrets of Nature. [Online] Available: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/frankenstein/frank.birth.html [Accessed 13 June 2002] [AU1]Thesis statement [AU2]Topic sentence [AU3]Year of pub put here to mark off Behrendt from next reference [AU4] Content-prominent reference because it is not controversial [AU5]Author-prominent because it is an opinion. [AU6]Topic sentence [AU7]Direct quotation [AU8]Link with preceding paragraph [AU9]Conclusion [AU10]Chapter in book edited by two authors [AU11]Journal article [AU12]Chapter in book edited by one author