Revenge - John Milton, Paradise Lost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Revenge - John Milton, Paradise Lost - Essay Example The latter no longer is able to rejoice in taking revenge. But why do people still seek revenge? Why is revenge after associated with guilt and fails to bring pleasure the avenger hopes for? The answer lies in the fields of psychology and history. Revenge has been a subject of many academic debates and has become the main element in literature and the world of the Arts. In popular mind it is associated with a ‘sweet’ dish, that is ‘better served cold’, though in a while it proves less satisfying and harmless than in the start. Revenge is believed to have appeared as the outcome of the disputes over the material objects and territory. Later the scope of offence that lead to revenge moved to the realm of social humiliation and honor (Science 25). However, no matter what the causes the revenge are, the main issues concern the disambiguation between revenge and justice, as well as the ways revenge manifests itself. Historically, revenge was one of the means of s ocial organization. Seeking revenge was desirable and prescribed. For example in the Bible, in Exodus 21:23 we can find traces of ‘eye for eye’ approach. Psychologists and historians agree that revenge the form of keeping order within societies where law system was weak (Bibb 13). Revenge bears numerous cultural implications as approaches to it change from century to century, and from country to country. For example, in Ancient Greece revenge That means that historically revenge equals justice, whereas in modern world the role of justice is supported by the system of laws, making revenge no longer as acceptable as in the ancient times (Science 34). Attitudes to revenge vary across cultures. For example, in Ancient Greece revenge was seen as equivalent of punishment. The purpose of revenge in this approach lay in preventing offender and society from repeating the offence, desrtuction of the offender was not the main goal of the act of revenge. The act of revenge unfolded along three main perspectives: a) the desire to cause offender pain; b) the necessity to make him know the person who caused the pain; c) the importance of informing the offender about the reasons for pain , i.e. letting him know that he brought it on himself by mistreating someone. In this view killing a person or ruining reputation was the act of hatred, not revenge. Thus, in Greek culture revenge is not necessarily an act of violence, it serves as a form of punishment as its reasons and causes are clear to the victim. In western culture revenge is often seen as irrational, as something wrong as it stems from resentment and not from moral obligation. At the same time in traditional honor cultures revenge is acceptable and bears no negative implications. In English social culture revenge was the act of restoring one’s social status and honor. In Africa and Asia the concept of revenge is colosly intertwined with the cult of ancestors. The cultures defy vengeance and violence while the concept of ancestral wrath brings about a dilemma (Bibb 45). The causes that make people seek revenge also bear numerous cultural implications. Findings prove that in individual cultures violation of rights and harm to the social status or authority are likely to cause frevenge. In collective culture violation of the sense of duty or the established rule might make a person seek revenge. Moreover, in collective cultures wrong done to one member of the social group is seen as personal offence by other

The most common short term sources of finance that corporations use to Essay

The most common short term sources of finance that corporations use to generate funds - Essay Example This study looks into the short term finances that help in making a long term strategy for the business. They can be used to pay for the salaries of the employees and other administrative costs. There are four most common short term sources of finance that a business uses to finance its expenses and they are: 1) Bank overdraft 2) Short term loans 3) Trade credit 4) Sale of unused assets In today’s modern era, every business maintains a bank account of its own where it deposits the money it receives from the sales generated by the business. As the businesses expand, the ratio of their cash sales ratio decreases to the credit sales ratio, because of which the businesses can face difficulties in paying their short term and immediate expenses such as paying salaries of their work and the heating bill. This is when the businesses ask ‘their’ bank for an overdraft so that they can pay for their expenses. Bank overdraft is a form of loan given by the bank to its customers and businesses, where the customers and businesses are charged interest on the money spent by them. Another option that a business can exercise to pay for its expenditures and administrative costs is by arranging a short term loan from the bank. Any loan taken from the bank that has to be repaid within a year can be defined as ‘short term loan’. Trade credit is the number of days in which a business has to pay for the good it has received from the supplier. The number of days in which the payment has to be made for the business entirely depends on the working relationship between the supplier and the buyer. If the buyer has been maintaining a good reputation and has always being paying on time, the supplier may also go a little easy on the buyer by giving him enough time to arrange for the funds. Most businesses only exercise this source of finance when all their sources of finance are have been used up. In this source of finance, funds are generated by selling unused fixed assets of a business or assets that the business is not making full use of, which may include extra machinery, buildings and vehicles. By selling the unused fixed assets, the business is able to generate enough funds to meet its requirements. In 2010, LukOil used four sources of finance to meet their requirements which were, Trade Credit, Sale of investments, Sale of property and Sale of its subsidiary companies. To generate funds to meet its short term obligations, LukOil had to sell its short term investments, which included bonds and other cash equivalents. In addition to that, LukOil also sold some of its subsidiary companies to generate enough cash for the company so that they don’t have to arrange for a bank overdraft or short term loans to pay for the expenses. The company also sold some of its property that it had bought long time back for expanding purposes, in order to generate cash to meet the short term obligations of the company. On the other hand, the primary sources of finance that were used by Premier oil to finance its expenses were Trade Credit, Sale of unused assets and Sale of investments. Premier oil asked their suppliers to extend the payment time given to them so that they meet their other short term expenses first, and then, when they have enough funds, the suppliers will be paid. This helped in solving the problem of meeting short term obligations for Premier Oil. Another source through which Premier Oil arranged for funds to meet its short term obligations was sale of its unused fixed assets, the assets that the company had in surplus. This included sale